Plant endophytes help in maintaining plant health by means of their biofertilizer and biocontrol attributes and, are currently being explored for their ability to produce novel biologically active compounds. Herein, we have isolated beneficial endophytic bacteria from Echinacea purpurea (EF.B3) and Lonicera japonica (LS.B11) that showed phosphate solubilization, siderophore, indole acetic acid and hydrogen cyanide production, and fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Additionally, the endophytes also conferred antifungal activity against Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Pythium sp. and Alternaria sp. When tested in plantae, the LS.B11 and EF.B3 strains were able to promote plant growth and control fungal infections in peaseedlings. Both strains were found to be endophytic as tested by RAPD and viability count. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we show that the LS.B11 and EF.B3 strains are related to Pseudomonas sp. And Burkholderia sp. By using degenerate primers, we identified genes related to polyketide synthases and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases in EF.B3 and LS.B11, respectively that are typically involved in the production of antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, we conclude that both endophytes can be used for increasing agriculture productivity and in the production of antimicrobial compounds for crop improvement.

Abstract The phenomenon of reflection and refraction is studied at the welded interface between two different porous solids. One is saturated with single non-viscous fluid and other is saturated with two immiscible viscous fluids. The incidence of Pf, Ps or SV wave through porous solid saturated with non-viscous fluid results in the three reflected waves and the four waves refracted to porous medium saturated with two immiscible viscous fluids. For the presence of viscosity in pore-fluids, the waves refracted to corresponding medium attenuate in the direction normal to the interface. It is also revealed that for the post-critical incidence of Ps wave, the reflected Pf and SV waves becomes evanescent and for the post-critical incidence of SV wave, the reflected Pf wave becomes evanescent. While, the occurrence of critical incidence is not observed for the incidence of Pf wave. The ratios of amplitudes of reflected and refracted waves to that of incident wave are expressed through a non-singular system of linear algebraic equations. These amplitude ratios are used further to calculate the shares of different scattered waves in the energy of incident wave. For a particular numerical model, the energy shares are computed for incident direction varying from normal incidence to grazing incidence. The conservation of energy across the interface is verified. Effects of non-wet saturation of pores, frequency of wave and porosity on the energy partitions are depicted graphically and discussed.

The present study was designed to investigate the gastrointestinal side effects of cycloxygenase (COX) inhibitor with varying selectivity, called the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) viz., non-selective COX-1 & 2 inhibitor -aspirin, prefentially selective COX-2 inhibitor- nimesulide and highly selective COX-2 inhibitor- celecoxib. Treatment with NSAIDs exhibited a decrease in the activity of rat intestinal brush border membrane associated enzymes such as sucrase, lactase, maltase and alkaline phosphatase as compared to the control in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The uptake of D-glucose and L-histidine in the everted intestinal sac was found to be decreased. Also the decease of glucose and histidine uptake was found to be dependent on the substrate concentration, temperature and the time interval of incubation. The physical state and composition of brush border membrane was found to be altered as evident in the FTIR spectrum, by appearance of new peaks while disappearance of certain peaks occurred which were characteristics of the control membrane. The changes in wave number as well as peaks height were also noticed. Alterations in protein profile of the membrane were demonstrated using SDS-PAGE analysis where disappearance of few bands and change in the relative intensities of the bands were noticed and correlated with the alterations that have taken place at the molecular level. Histological studies have depicted a marked decrease in the absorption surface area such as the villi height of the intestinal segment. In addition, crypt number also deceased in the treated animals, an indication that such changes also correlate well with the changes in the transport of the end product nutrients.

Se diseñó este estudio para investigar los efectos adversos gastrointestinales de los inhibidores de la ciclooxigenasa (COX) con selectividad variable, denominados fármacos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE), inhibidores no selectivos de la COX-1 y la COX-2 -aspirina, los inhibidores predominantemente selectivos de la COX-2- nimesulida, y los inhibidores muy selectivos de la COX-2 -celecoxib. El tratamiento con AINE mostró un descenso de la actividad de las enzimas asociadas a la membrana en cepillo intestinal de la rata, tales como sucrasa, lactasa, maltasa y fosfatasa alcalina, en comparación con el control, en el duodeno, yeyuno e íleon. Se halló que la captación de D-glucosa y L-histidina en el saco intestinal revertido estaba disminuida. También se encontró que la captación de glucosa e histidina dependía de la concentración de sustrato, la temperatura y el intervalo de tiempo de incubación. El estado físico y la composición de la membrana en borde en cepillo estaban alterados como se evidenció en el espectro FTIR, con aparición de nuevas picos y desaparición de ciertos picos característicos de la membrana control. También se apreciaron cambios en el número de ondas así como la altura de los picos. Se demostraron cambios en el perfil de proteínas de membrana mediante el análisis SDSPAGE, apreciándose desaparición de algunas pocas bandas y cambio en las intensidades relativas de las bandas, correlacionándose con las alteraciones que ocurrían a nivel molecular. Los estudios histológicos han mostrado un descenso marcado de la superficie de absorción, como por ejemplo la altura de las vellosidades del segmento intestinal. Además, el número de criptas también disminuyó en los animales tratados, un indicador de que tales cambios también se correlacionan bien con los cambios en el transporte de los nutrientes finales.